Were the Great Powers ready for war in 1914?

To be prepared for war the Great Powers would require an incredible military, both in armed force and naval force, extraordinary agribusiness and they would likewise should be monetarily fit for supporting the costs brought about by the war. Further more the Powers should be financially fruitful countries and have great foundation to empower them to deliver vital weapons to battle the war. The legislative issues of the country and the lesson of its kin ought to likewise be considered when entering the Great War. Being prepared for war includes an enormous summit of various perspectives. The nation's military is a significant angle to consider. The military of the country is a basic perspective since a military includes a lasting, proficient power of fighters or guerrillas prepared solely with the end goal of fighting. The size of the military relies upon the quantity of men, the mounted force and the big guns the country have. Typically, the bigger the military the more possibility there is of winning the fight against the different nation(s) since more men and equivalents more force or power. Anyway the inspiration and the assurance of the military additionally has a significant impact in the conceivable result. Another significant factor in choosing if the Powers were prepared for war is their farming. On the off chance that the countries outer food sources from remote nations were hindered the nation would starve except if the agribusiness is sufficiently adequate to take care of its kin. To be prepared for war the nation ought to have the ability to get by for a period during the war by developing its own food. Anyway the Powers ought to have land accessible to develop the food. Cash additionally has a critical influence in choosing whether the Powers are prepared for war. To be prepared, the Powers ought to be monetarily competent to help their country and its kin. Likewise the expense of the war ought not prompt country chapter 11. Before 1914, Wilhelm the second dismissed Bismarck's cautious international strategy and under went a time of military development both in armed force and naval force. The military development can be appear as Germany being ‘warlike and forceful' anyway an incredible military is should have been prepared of war. In 1906 the French armed force was a more complex armed force than the Germans notwithstanding the way that Germany had 10,000 additional men. This didn't go unnoticed and by 1914 Germany's military was evaluated to around 2 million. Germany accepted that the naval force likewise has a significant impact and Tirpitz, the leader of the German naval force, accepted that Germany couldn't be viewed as a politically influential nation without a solid naval force. He needed to make his naval force 66% the size of Britain's with the goal that he could challenge them. This likewise shows Germany being war like and forceful. By 1906, he had 18 war vessels (top of the line), 13 s hips (different class), 6 cruisers (top of the line), 24 cruisers (different class), 103 destroyers, subs mtb's and 35,500 officials and men. Having a better armed force isn't sufficient than be prepared for war, the troopers ought to be spurred and resolved to battle. To improve fighter and resident spirit the German armed force was depicted as: ‘There was nothing of the sort as the German armed force yet rather the 4 multitudes of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Wurttemberg'1. This announcement helped the officer's certainty since its gave an influence that Germany had a goliath armed force. The sheer size of the German armed force suggests Germany was in actuality prepared for war in the military perspective. The military angle, in spite of being a basic piece of being prepared for war, isn't sufficient. The business of the country additionally has a significant impact. By 1914 Germany was one of the most financially fruitful countries in, Europe as well as the world. In 1909 there were 4579 business organizations in Germany with a consolidated capital of 15,860 million imprints and with yearly profits of c. 1 billion imprints. ‘In the initial two many years of the Empire, Germany had been changed from a mostly agrarian to a transcendently mechanical state' 2. Additionally Germany's high and continued pace of modern development was the predominant aspect of the European financial scene. It was more steady than that of either France or Britain, and was equaled distinctly by that of Russia and, outside Europe, by the USA.3 Also in the new ventures of synthetic compounds and electrics, German industry drove the way.4 The blasting German industry prepares Germany for war in the modern p erspective too. Horticulturally, Germany was amazing. By 1914 German farming, as far as yield per hectare, was the most beneficial in the world.5 In 1912, Germany was creating 2,260 kg/hectare of wheat and 15,030 kg/hectare of potatoes. Their rural prevalence shows that Germany would have the ability to make due for a period during a war by developing its own food since it had the most beneficial rural land on the planet. Germany's flourishing farming prepares the country for war in an agrarian angle. Notwithstanding, in spite of the proceeded with mechanical development, German culture seemed to have gotten progressively cracked during the period. There was an a lot more prominent difference between the upper and regular workers. The legislative issues of the country and the lesson of the individuals ought to likewise be sound if the country is viewed as totally prepared to battle a war. In spite of being unrivaled from a military perspective, an industry sense and farming sense, Germany was not ex traordinary from a political perspective. From 1870-1914, Britain was the main force to be reckoned with; its position was supported by the regal naval force. The British naval force was bigger than some other powers however it was generally disseminated all through the domain in little gatherings. England required a solid naval force since the country depended vigorously on imports and its requirement for a market implied that free ocean section was significant. Anyway Britain's military was not as solid as their naval force. The military was spread all through the realm in protection and has been for the most part effective. Anyway the military was little just prepared in battling little simple wars. A little armed force doesn't mean it is anything but a solid armed force. The British armed force was little not normal for the other bigger European armed forces yet it was proficient and all around prepared. The good and the assurance of the military to succeed is likewise significant in winning wars not simply the size. The military was energized by class and little arriving at an aggregate of 733,514, which was small contrasted with the measures of the European opponents. The BEF was the military Britain had accessible for the conceivable episode of war. The BEF was little with 1 changeless Corp, 1 Calvary division, 6 infantry divisions (20,000) anyway most was spread all through realm with over portion of the BEF at home being reservists which would be the military informally sent to France on the western wing of the military in case of the episode of the war. Since Britain's military needed size its capacity of support was constrained. Be that as it may, in 1914 there was parliament endorsement to expand the military by 500, 000 men. This statement sums up the British armed force well: The British armed force was verifiably minimal in excess of a pilgrim police power prepared and prepared to battle little wars against second rate opposition.6 The British were not as solid as the German's in a mil itarily and this recommends they were not prepared for war in military viewpoint. Austria's military was very little better that the Britain's one. Contrasted and the German armed force the size of the military was very little. The size was the issue as well as language was another significant one. At the point when the flare-up of war showed up there were 2.25 million men that were immobilized for Austro-Hungary and they were prepared for around a month prior to they were sent. There were numerous dialects talked in the military so they needed to attempt to ensure a similar language served together. More often than not various nationalities needed to blend however and the officials were mostly Hungarian or German speaking Austrians with the enrolled from the Slavic populace. This implied numerous Slavic men must be shown an alternate language. In 1914 Austria had 40,000 warriors and Hungary had 30,000. There was likewise the Imperial and Royal Army that was drawn from all pieces of the Empire. The 350,000 men in this military gave their loyalty direct to Emperor Franz Josef.7 In eighth April 1904 the Anglo-French Entente was fulfilled after long stretches of arrangement with a total settlement of all exceptional frontier contrasts. This made the way for Anglo-French military discussions, which proceeded up to the episode of war in August 1914. In seventeenth January 1906, Anglo-French military discussions about collaboration in case of an European war started at the Algeciras Conference. France was not set up for war just as the other incredible Powers. This was on the grounds that France had no war point in the development to the First World War and thusly they didn't want to plan for war a lot. Anyway they made an indispensable arrangement in the political part of preparing for war. France made a solid collusion with Russia. This implied if France needed to do battle with Germany, Germany would be constrained into war on two fronts. France's administration being not sorted out caused the absence of enthusiasm of beginning the war. France anyway was a well off nation and they were monetarily equipped for beginning a war yet anyway its official force was powerless contrasted with Britain and Germany. They additionally had visit changes of government, which can cause conflict with the countries arrangements. France was not in a decent circumstance to enter a war and their negligible planning shows their naivety. It is recommended that France had no expectation of entering World War One, and they were actually constrained into it. The Russian armed force was the biggest in Europe, yet notwithstanding having numerous men, they were not monetarily equipped for paying the troopers so the Russian government could just call up a small amount of those qualified every year to serve in the military. The Russian armed force was degenerate and under prepared. The military was in reverse, shy of present day gear and officials were selected on the ground of family c

Film Study: the Shining

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Responsibilities of Members of Corporate Boards of Directors - 550 Words

Cybersecurity and Responsibilities of Members of Corporate Boards of Directors (Speech Presentation Sample) Content: Title: Case Study- Cyber SecurityName:Due Date:Cyber SecurityIntroductionCybersecurity is a procedure that involves both technology and stakeholders, designed to protect a system and its components from cyber-attack ("What is cyber security? IT Governance", 2018). Systems should be protected from cyber-attacks caused by opponents either intentionally or unintentionally. Therefore, it is important for members of Padgett- Beale Board of Directors to have a good insight of what really cyber-security is and how can each member helps in promoting it.Cybersecurity and Responsibilities of Members of Corporate Boards of DirectorsCorporates governance should include cybersecurity as its culture. This is most important to the board of directors since it has the mandate to set and oversee the implementation of the organizations policies. Therefore, each board member should understand his/her roles in cybersecurity. First, the board should budget for the IT department. Cost of c yber-attacks is rapidly increasing due to the emergence of new security threats. This calls for a proper budget plan to counter the attacks. The budget should include related technology costs and training of other staff about cybersecurity.Further, members of the board of directors occasionally review security policies to ensure that their data is secure. It is part of establishing a system of governance ("The Role of the Board of Directors | Ag Decision Maker", 2018). This is because new threats emerge on daily basis hence without a regular update of security policies then a cyber-attack is bound to occur. The board should also develop a response plan to be used in case of a cyber-attack. This plan should provide guidelines on how to respond to instances of a security breach. Thus quick recovery of services in case of an attack.Directors should understand laws on cybersecurity. This shades more light on the consequences of a cyber-attack in regard to the applicable laws. Finally, t he board should have competent cybersecurity expert. With an expert, the board can allocate adequate time for cybersecurity discussions ("NACD Publishes Five Cybersecurity Principles For Board Directors", 2018).RecommendationsTo bridge accountability gap, it is important to consider these recommendations. First, cyber education to members is a key factor as we all know that education empowers (Reber, 2018). It helps in understanding security policies and their implementation. The board should also track all the components in the organizations network. This prevents malicious devices from gaining unauthorized access to the network.Intelligence on threats should be promoted. Directors ought to be well informed on threats likely to attack the organization system. These threats are determined by regular analysis of vulnerabilities in the system. Moreover, directors should be compliant with government policies. It important to be up to date with legislation on cybersecurity as this helps in promoting required standards in systems security. Finally, the board of directors should be vigilant. This vigilance culture helps to honestly check the operations of a system. Therefore, one can be able to point out whether the system is normal or not. This culture helps in promoting accountability as everyone wishes not to experience cyber-attack.Clear...

There Is A Wide Array Of Theories About The Cause Of Crime

There is a wide array of theories about the cause of crime ranging from predisposition to environmental factors. Research and development of these delinquency theories have progressed and been categorized by biological, psychological, and sociological theories. A major biological theory is Richard Dugdale’s theory of inheritance. There are several psychological theories with two of them being intelligence theory and Sigmund Freud’s personality trait theory. Sociological theories includes Emilie Durkheim’s functionalist theory and Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory. Overall, there are a wide range of theories and theorists that try to determine what factors influence deviance and why deviance occurs in society. Biological†¦show more content†¦Biological theories of deviance vary from other theories in several ways. One example is biological theory s concept of inheritance and predisposition to deviant behavior. Another variance is t hat unlike sociological theories, both biological and psychological theories are based on factors generated within the individual. Psychological theories on deviance are typically based on the concept of the variables and pathology that effect an individual’s personality (Moore, 228). While psychological theories are based on an individual’s inner self and personality, there is no association between personality and deviancy. There is a supposition that deviating individuals have deviating personalities (Henslin, 201). These theories try to find a correlation between environmental and psychological factors. A few major psychological theories include the intelligence theory and Sigmund Freud’s personality theory. The intelligence theory was developed based of the belief of an association between intelligence and deviant behavior. Referencing research by H. H. Goddard it was determined that deviant behavior had a connection with low intelligence (Moore, 230, as ci ted in Shoemaker, 47). While Goddard established and researched a link between intelligence and behavior, it is difficult to ensure that a correlation actually exists. With an increase in education there is a multitude of factors influencing an individual’s intelligence thus affecting his or herShow MoreRelatedAbstract . The Labeling Theory Proposes That Once A Juvenile1582 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The labeling theory proposes that once a juvenile has been labeled a deviant or delinquent they become stigmatized as a criminal, and begin to believe the label or accept it in a self-fulfilling prophecy. Because of these labels, many juveniles continue with their deviant acts because they feel obligated to act out in a negative manner. 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An Island Of The Pelicans ( Williams, 2016 ) Essay

Alcatraz was first discovered in 1775 by a spanish explorer, Juan Manuel del Ayala, which he named the Island of the Pelicans (Williams, 2016). Alcatraz is now a national landmark established in the 1930’s. The renowned island located in the bay of San Francisco, California. During the 1930’s crimes and gangs increased in an alarming rate due to the effects of The Great Depression (Williams, 2016). Many crimes and gangs rose also when many laws were passed and put many behind bars (Raaphorst, 71). Donna Raaphorst, author of â€Å"The History Of An Island Prison: From The Development To An American Myth†, states In l932, the Threatening Communications Act and the Kidnapping Act passed. In l933, a new law made it a federal crime to assault or kill a federal officer. The National Firearms Act, the National Bank Robber Act, the Anti-Racketeering Act, the Fugitive Felon Act, and the National Stolen Property Act all passed in l934. Such legislation increased the role of the federal government in crime control (Raaphorst,71). Many notorious criminals were incarcerated and with many attempted to escape, Alcatraz was calling for all inmates who were too hard to handle. There were existing penitentiaries where they had dangerous convicts who wouldn’t abide to the rules and had the continuous mindset to plan an escape (Raaphorst, 2016). The United State’s government realized that something needed to change and formed a different approach of dealing with all the felons. Alcatraz FederalShow MoreRelatedIncome Taxation Solutions Manual 1 300300 Words   |  1202 Pagesdescribe the method and rate of cost allocation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Furniture and fixtures Tools (each costing less than $500) Printing press used by a publisher of paperback books (purchased after March 18, 2007 and before 2016) Paving of a parking lot Concession licence for a 10-year time period Franchise for an unlimited life Computer application software Computer hardware Customer list Glasses and cutlery used in the operation of a restaurant Sprinkler system in a building

Conflict in the Workplace-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: What steps would you take to resolve this Conflict? Please note that for this mid-term assignment you must take into Consideration that, Independently of your approach to this Conflict, you will get different reactions from the staff, thus you have to indicate the possible/probable scenarios/outcomes. Answer: Steps to be taken to resolve the conflict The first step to resolve the conflict in the workplace is to identify the origin of the disagreement in the organization (Deyoe and Terry pp. 1). This step should be followed in the very first stage due to the reason that, identification of the issue is required and important in order to take the further steps in mitigating it. Identification of the issues in the workplace will involve discussing with all the associated parties in the organization in order to gather information about the issue from all the parties. The more information will be gathered from the associated stakeholders, the more effective will be the identification of the issues and disagreement among the internal stakeholders in the organization (Shaw, Kristman and Vezina pp. 163). All the associated stakeholders should be questioned individually in order to gain an understanding about the issues. The next step will be to made the employees and other related stakeholders in the organization aware about the potential implication and consequences of the originated conflict in the organization. In this case also, effective communication process is required in order to communicate with the associated stakeholders regarding the implications of the conflict (Sigmar, Hynes and Hill pp. 301). This step is important due to the reason that, it will help to create a consensus among the stakeholders in the organization regarding the implication of the conflict. In this step it is important to determine that whether all the associated stakeholders are having similar and singular approach regarding the originated conflict. Once all the internal stakeholders are being in the same path regarding the negative implications of the conflict, resolving the issue will become easy. The next step will be the initiation and communication of the common goal among all the associated stakeholders. This step is important due to the reason that, this step will help in discussing all the possible ways to mitigate the identified issue. Thus, the more discussion will be initiated with the associated stakeholders, the more will be the chance of having the consensus in mitigating and managing the identified issue (Wu and Xu pp. 757). In addition, effective implementation of this step will help to have the access to the diverse opinions and suggestions regarding the issue. Thus, more options will be available to the managers in managing the issue. The more discussion will be initiated among the associated stakeholders, the more will be the origination of the diverse opinions from them. Thus, the next step will be the discussion with all the associated stakeholders in determining the barrier in the resolving the issue (Saaty and Peniwati pp. 212). Both the opposite parties in the particular issue will discuss about the issue, which will lead to the generation of the barrier. Thus, identification of these barriers is important to have the effective mitigating technique in order to reduce the implication of the issue. The next step to be followed is to evaluate the alternative ideas and suggestions from all the available options. The alternate options will be generated from the previous steps due to the involvement of the both parties in the discussion. Thus, this step will involve evaluation of the available alternatives from the above step and shortlist the most effective one (Sharma and Singhal pp. 741). However, in short listing the most effective alternative, one factor that should be considered is the creation ofthe consensus among the related stakeholders. This is due to the reason that, the shortlisted alternative should be supported by all the associated stakeholders. The more consensuses will be created among the associated stakeholders regarding the selected alternative, the less will be the probability of generation of conflict among the stakeholders in future. The last step will be communicating the selected alternative to the associated stakeholders in the organization along with making them adjusted with the new approach. Moreover, all the organizational task and procedures should be effectively delegated to all the respective stakeholders in the organization. They should be well trained in order to reduce the issue of non acceptance among the employees regarding the implementation of the new approach in the organization. Probable scenarios One of the key scenarios that may get originate is the obstacle being created by the middle level managers in discussing with their subordinates regarding the workplace issue. This may get arise due to the reason that, in the case study, it is being given in the case that, the upper level management follows the autocratic style of leadership in the organization, which limits the possibility of gathering the feedback from the side of the employees (Bhatti et al. 192). Thus, a scenario can get arise where the managers will reluctant to discuss the issue with their subordinates. Another scenario that also may get arise is the non acceptance of the selected alternative or approach by the majority of the employees. This is due to the reason that, as discussed earlier in this essay that, difference in opinion may get arise between the managers and the employees, difference may also get arise among the employees in the similar way (Song et al. 916). Thus, a scenario will get arise where all the employees will not be in the similar path regarding the selection of the particular approach. In this case, it will be difficult to enhance the effectiveness of the newly initiated approach. Conflict of interest may also get arise in the organization. This is due to the reason that, there may be some issues, which will have implications even if the issue is being effectively mitigated (Loewenstein, Sah and Cain pp. 669). For instance, the issue may be such which if being mitigated will have positive implication only for the employees and not for the mangers and vice versa. Thus, in this case, selecting and creating the consensus for the effective mitigation and management of the issue will be difficult. Another possible scenario that also may get arise is the lack of training and resources for the employees and other internal stakeholders to get adjusted with the new approach in the organization (Elnaga and Imran pp. 137). This is due to the reason that, if the employees are not being trained and equipped according to the change in the business policies, then they will be reluctant to accept the new approach. Thus, it will create new issue in the organization. Probable solutions for the identified scenarios Initiation of training One of the key recommended steps to be initiated is the providence of the training for the internal stakeholders in the organizations. This is due to the reason that, in order to equip the employees in their workplace along with enhancing their effectiveness and productivity (Singh and Mohanty pp. 87). In the given case, it is being stated that, employees are low on morale and productivity. Thus, this is having negative implications on the effectiveness and productivity on the overall organization. There will be various advantages for the initiation of the training program for the internal stakeholders. the more trained will be the employees, the more equipped and motivated they will be in coping up with the change in the business scenario. In addition, initiation of the training program should not only cover the employees only but also the other internal stakeholders such as supervisors and managers. This is due to the reason that, the supervisors and managers should also be given t raining in order to enhance their effectiveness in leading and organizing the organizational policies and strategies along with managing the subordinates effectively. Thus, with the help of the initiation of the training programs in the organization, the middle level managers including the supervisors and managers will be equipped and motivated to lead the employees along with effectively guiding the employees in their workplace. On the other hand, initiation of the training program for the employees will equipped them to accomplish their job effectively along with following the leadership of the middle and upper level management. It will enhance the compatibility and relationship among the managers and the employees, which will help to reduce the conflict in the organization. Thus, the first recommended step in order to resolve the conflict in the given case will be the initiation of the training program for the internal stakeholders. Awareness drive for the managers As discussed in the previous section, managers may be reluctant in discussing the organizational issues with the employees and initiating the mitigating approaches in consultation with them. Thus, it is important the awareness program should also be initiated for the managers also in order to make them aware about the potential benefits of consulting with the employees prior to the initiation of the resolve technique in the organization. It should be noted that, that the managers should be aware and communicated that if they consult with the employees before initiating the resolve technique, and then they will also have the positive implications (Shonin and Van Gordon pp. 899). Thus, if they are aware that they will also gain from the consultation with the employees, then they will be more motivated to engage with their employees. Thus, the more engagement of the employees in the decision making process, the more will be the relationship and understanding among the internal stakehold ers, which will reduce the chance of having conflict in the organization. References Bhatti, Nadeem, et al. "The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction."International Business Research5.2 (2012): 192. Deyoe, Rodney H., and Terry L. Fox. "Identifying strategies to minimize workplace conflict due to generational differences."Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business5 (2012): 1. Elnaga, Amir, and Amen Imran. "The effect of training on employee performance."European Journal of Business and Management5.4 (2013): 137-147. Loewenstein, George, Sunita Sah, and Daylian M. Cain. "The unintended consequences of conflict of interest disclosure."Jama307.7 (2012): 669-670. Saaty, Thomas L., and Kirti Peniwati.Group decision making: drawing out and reconciling differences. RWS publications, 2013. 212-235 Sharma, Parveen, and Sandeep Singhal. "Design and evaluation of layout alternatives to enhance the performance of industry."OPSEARCH53.4 (2016): 741-760. Shaw, William S., Vicki L. Kristman, and Nicole Vzina. "Workplace issues."Handbook of work disability. Springer New York, 2013. 163-182. Shonin, Edo, and William Van Gordon. "Managers experiences of meditation awareness training."Mindfulness6.4 (2015): 899-909. Sigmar, Lucia Stretcher, Geraldine E. Hynes, and Kathy L. Hill. "Strategies for teaching social and emotional intelligence in business communication."Business Communication Quarterly75.3 (2012): 301-317. Singh, Rohan, and Madhumita Mohanty. "Impact of training practices on employee productivity: A comparative study."Interscience Management Review2.2 (2012): 87-92. Song, Xiao, et al. "Impact of informal networks on opinion dynamics in hierarchically formal organization."Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications436 (2015): 916-924. Wu, Zhibin, and Jiuping Xu. "A consistency and consensus based decision support model for group decision making with multiplicative preference relations."Decision Support Systems52.3 (2012): 757-767.

Post Civil War free essay sample

While appearing to be some type of Mosses to the newly freed slaves, his intent was to appease and empower the Southern farmers and institute a real and equitable democracy in the South. Radical Republicans pushed him to include black suffrage. However, he was a strict constitutionalists who believed he had no power as president to unilaterally extend citizenship and suffrage. Although a firm nationalist, he also had a solid respect for states rights. His goal was for states to assume their full rights as soon as possible. Secondly there was a reconstruction going on in Congress as well.Congressional Republicans moved to the political left. Congress did not recognize southern representatives in DCE. 1865. Both houses formed a joint committee on Reconstruction to investigate whether any southern states deserved representation. Moderates wanted to solve a political problem, but Radicals wanted a social revolution. However, congress did decide to extend the rights and powers of the Freedmans Bureau, largely in response to the white Souths stubbornness and insubordination. We will write a custom essay sample on Post Civil War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With the election of Grant, Radical Republicans finally had an ally in the White House.In March of 1 870, the final Reconstruction amendment was ratified. The Fifteenth Amendment stated that no American could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Elections in the South in 1870 were regulated by federal troops stationed there. In these elections, thousands of Southern blacks voted for the first time; predictably, many Southern whites did not vote in these elections and viewed the entire process with disgust. In he 1870 elections, nearly 630 blacks were elected as representatives in Southern state legislatures. Sixteen blacks were elected to Congress, one to the United States Senate, and a black, P. B. S. Poinciana, was elected governor of Louisiana. It would be impossible to overstate the resentment with which many Southern whites viewed the entire Reconstruction process. Reconstruction was oftentimes blamed on carpetbaggers, who were Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction period, or on scalawags, a Southern term for white Southern Republicans (education. Mom, 2013). Amidst these developments, public schools systems were implemented.Also, the establishment implemented anti-discrimination measures, strengthened rights of agricultural workers and Infrastructure improved. With these turning points, the impact on Americans current society, economy, politics, and culture can be analyzed in many different ways. One could say that without the institution of programs such as The Freedmans Bureau, Blacks would have not had the opportunity to receive education until the late asss or beyond. I believe that without the ratification f the Fifteenth Amendment, black population would not have stood a chance and it would be a black persons hell in todays society.Without the Reconstruction Period, the economy would have rebounded by some type of measure. The U. S did have contributions to the infrastructure through others in the North. Surely the South would have made some adjusting somehow. In an article published in American History Journal, Eric r-owner wrote that Lincoln assassination actually made little difference to the course of Reconstruction. Lincoln, these historians believed, had long been at odds with he Radical Republicans, who would have treated him much as they did Andrew Johnson had Lincoln refused to go along with their plans.They would have forced their own plan of Reconstruction through Congress. Overridden any vetoes, and tried to remove Lincoln from office through impeachment, just as they attempted with Johnson in 1868. Mr. . Fonder goes on to State that it is impossible to imagine Lincoln, had he lived, becoming so alienated from Congress, the Republican Party, and the northern public as to be impeached and almost removed from office. Nor does it seem likely that he would have enunciated a policy and then stuck to it in the face of self-evident failure.Lincoln had grown enormously during the Civil War, and his ideas would undoubtedly have continued to evolve during Reconstruction. Even if, like Johnson, he had set in motion the establishment of all- the South in 1865, he undoubtedly would have listened carefully to complaints about the Black Codes and been willing to heed the outcry in the North for further guarantees of the rights of former slaves. (Fonder E, 2009) Many southerners saw Reconstruction as an attempt by the north to punish the south, rather than n attempt to rebuild the nation.This period was marked by intense bitterness and anger. Regional and racial pressure remained powerful. The UK Klux Klan came into full force, terrorizing blacks by tactics such as night riding. Poll taxes forced an unreasonable fee on blacks at the voting booth. During Reconstruction, the northern economy experienced a tremendous industrial boom, while the South struggled through Reconstruction. Immigrants began pouring into northern cities and provided a cheap labor source for Northern Industry. The south remained primarily agricultural.Industrialization had both negative effects and positive effects on city life. While big businesses thrived, the gap between the rich and poor grew larger day by day. Progressive reformers sought to close this gap and bring together the nation. Industrialization was very beneficial to American business owners. Following the civil war, industries transformed into modern powerhouses. Big business owners who seized power in these industries became even bigger. New inventions led to new thriving industries. Iron, for example, was replaced with ultra-strong steel. Andrew Carnegie built the biggest steel business in the world. One main reason why steel was in such demand was due to the expansion of railroads. Before steel, railroads ran on weak iron, which would crack and brake. By 1900, Carnegie Steel earned a whopping $40 million a year. Carnegie believed that big businesses such as this actually improved the overall wellbeing of the nation- rich and poor. The Black Codes were laws in the United States passed after the Civil War with the effect of limiting the civil rights and civil liberties of blacks.Even though scarification laws against blacks existed in both Northern and Southern states from the early 19th century, the term Black Codes is used most often to refer to legislation passed by Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor and movement of newly-freed slaves. The Supreme Court set the stage for Jim Crow laws by several of its decisions. The Court held that the Civil Rights Act of 1 875 was unconstitutional and ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not prohibit individuals and private organizations from discriminating on the basis of race. Post Civil War free essay sample During the 1 asss, segregation took place. Segregation was a period when there was a difference in the treatment of race. Things like education and living were affected. After the civil war this issue was to be changed. This period was called the reconstruction period. The main focus here was to ensure the freed slaves remained free. The thing that got the slave free was the Emancipation Proclamation. This was created by Abraham Lincoln in 1863. It didnt fully free all slaves until around December 1 865 (newworldencyclopedia. Org). This act is largely moored in the south, particularly after 1 877 when the last federal troops of the military occupation are withdrawn. The experiment in radical reconstruction is over. Democrats regain control of every southern state government. Far from the Republicans, establishing a strong presence in the region, the south becomes an area of one-party politics until the second half of the 20th century (historically. We will write a custom essay sample on Post Civil War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Net). The federal troops being withdrawn mean that things were now safe. With the war being won by the Union, the south was now headed towards a new future. Things were just starting to get settled.By settled, this means the struggle was becoming at ease. With the democrats regaining control of the southern states, this would mean good things were about to begin for these states. The reconstruction was nearing end. While discussing segregation; the Civil Right Act of 1 866 was passed. According to the website lucre. Lb. UNC. Du, on April 9th, 1866-?146 years ago today-?Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1 866, granting full citizenship and the accompanying rights to all citizens, of every race and color, without Edgar to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. This gave the same rights to both races, giving ease to the African Americans who suffered most during the period before the civil war. At least during the growing pains decade, there was something accomplished. Segregation was brought to an end and there was equality with the races. Not all things were totally equal, but there was now more things offered to African Americans. Next, the most important thing is reconstruction. Reconstruction was the time when everyone had to adjust to the changes going on after the civil war. Whites had to find new ways of getting their work done since now they didnt have farmers or workers.Blacks had to find new ways for making money. In some cases, blacks remained working for the whites but only in means of providing for their families. This reconstruction period wasnt an easy process there was much work to be done. Starting fresh with slavery put behind them, blacks had to start from the bottom, working their way up. Whites now had to get out and work. This period was a difficult one for both in the economy. One struggle getting the work done while the other struggle to find ark after knowing only how to work on plantations and farms.There was some success for the blacks, like finding work and even getting into office. According to Britannica. Com, Though the period has sometimes been labeled Black Reconstruction, the Radical governments in the South were never dominated by African Americans. There were no black governors, only two black senators and a handful of congressmen, and only one legislature controlled by blacks. This period should be labeled as the black reconstruction because they started from nothing and had to work their way p. This was a new beginning for them.They had to catch up and claim their position within the society. Having always worked for someone not really doing for themselves, they had to be reconstructed as well not only did America. Segregation and reconstruction had a huge affect on the current society, economy, politics, and culture. In todays current society, experiencing segregation and the reconstruction made things smoother. By smoother, the society has become not been as racial divided as normal. Equality has begun to get better in a sense. Equality in education, jobs, housing voting, has all been made law.In this day and age, laws are now protecting people. Though its not totally fixed, because of the Post Civil War time period it made certain things easier for African Americans. More people can do things they couldnt from back then. Whites and Blacks both get alone. The economy because Of that era has had its ups and downs. The people had to start over fresh. The people lost their workers or gained a new place in role in economy. Farmers had to find a whole new crew or either plant their own crops. Now the economy is at an k state. More jobs are offered.Laws were created to protect the people. Money or pay on the jobs increased. The military haven t had many real issues since then. Politically, there has been changed within the system. More African Americans have jobs in politics. The politics just like the world as a whole is changing and still needs certain improvements but this era helped out as for as rights. Culturally, the world has also had improvements. Every culture has the freedom to do just about anything they please. All in all, this era helped improve many parts of America.Even though we have certain issues that we still face, this time period helped get major issues handled. Segregation and the reconstruction were what the country needed at the time. Migrating from having workers to working for yourself was a big transition for the people; blacks working for nothing to working for something was also a major change for them. The Growing Pains period wasnt just a period of complete satisfaction. With every change there are ups and downs. Nothing was a for sure thing so the development and construction took time.

French Texting - Les Textos Francais

French Texting - Les Textos Francais Learning French is one thing, but French on the internet - in chatrooms,  forums, text messaging (SMS), and email can seem like a completely different language. Fortunately, help is at hand. Here are some common French abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols to help you communicate via text, followed by some helpful tips and pointers. French Meaning English 12C4 un de ces quatre one of these days 2 ri 1 de rien youre welcome 6n Cin Movie theater A+@+ plus L8R, laterCUL8R, see you later A12C4 un de ces quatre See you one of these days a2m1@2m1 demain CU2moro, see you tomorrow ALP la prochaine TTFN, ta ta for now AMHA mon humble avis IMHO, in my humble opinion APAPLS plus TTFN, ta ta for now ASV ge, Sexe, Ville ASL, age, sex, location a tt tout lheure see you soon auj Aujourdhui Today b1sur Bien sr Of course BAL Bote aux lettres Mailbox BCP Beaucoup A lot bi1to Bientt RSN, real soon biz bisous kisses bjr Bonjour Hello bsr Bonsoir Good evening C Cest It is C1Blag Cest une blague Its a joke, Just kidding CAD Cestdire That is, i.e., cb1 Cest bien Thats good C cho Cest chaud Its hot C Cest It is Ch ChezJe sais At the home ofI know ChuChuiChuis Je suis I am C mal1 Cest malin Thats clever, sneaky C pa 5pa Cest pas sympa Thats not nice CPG Cest pas grave INBD, its no big deal Ct CtaitCest tout It wasThats all D100 Descends Get down dacdak Daccord OK DSL Dsol IMS, Im sorry DQP Ds que possible ASAP, as soon as possible EDR croul de rire LOL, laughing out loud ENTKEntouK En tout cas IAC, in any case FAI Fournisseur daccs internet ISP, internet service provider FDS Fin de semaine WE, Wknd, weekend G Jai I have G1id2kdo Jai une ide de cadeau I have a great idea GHT Jai achet I bought GHT2V1 Jai achet du vin I bought some wine G la N Jai la haine H8, hate GspR b1 Jespre bien I hope so Gt Jtais I was J Jai I have Je c Je sais I know Je le saV Je le savais I knew it Jenmar Jen ai marre Im sick of it Je tM Je taime ILUVU, I love you Je vJv Je vais Im going JMS Jamais NVR JSG Je suis gnial Im (doing) great JTM Je taime I love you K7 cassette cassette tape KDO Cadeau Gift KanKand Quand When Ke Que that, what K Quest What is Kel Quel, Quelle Which Kelle Quelle That she Keske Quest-ce que What kestufouKsk tfu Quest-ce que tu fous ? What the hell are you doing? Ki Qui Who Kil Quil That he Koi Quoi What Koi29 Quoi de neuf ? Whats new? Lckc Elle sest casse She left Ls tomB Laisse tomber Forget it Lut Salut Hi M Merci Thanks MDR Mort de rire ROFL mr6 Merci Thx, thanks MSG Message Msg, message now maintenant ATM, at the moment NSP Ne sais pas Dunno o Au In the, at the Ok1 Aucun None, not one OQP Occup Busy Ou Ouais Yeah p2k Pas de quoi URW, youre welcome parske Parce que COZ, because p-pitit Peut-tre Maybe PK Parce que Because Pkoi Pourquoi Y, why PoP Pas Not PTDR Pt de rire ROFLMAO, rolling on the floor laughing q-c qqueske Quest-ce que What QDN Quoi de neuf ? Whats new? qq Quelques Some qqn Quelquun Someone raf Rien faire Nothing to do ras Rien signaler Nothing to report rdv Rendez-vous Date, appointment RE (Je suis de) retour, Rebonjour Im back, Hi again ri1 Rien 0, nothing savapa a va pas ? Is something wrong? SLT Salut Hi SNIF Jai de la peine Im sad ss (je) suis I am STP/SVP Sil te/vous plat PLS, please T Tes You are tabitou Thabites o ? Where do you live? tata KS Tas ta casse ? You have your car? tds tout de suite right away ti2 Tes hideux Youre hideous. tjs Toujours Always tkc Tes cass Youre tired. TLM Tout le monde Everyone T nrv ? Tes nerv ? Are you irritated? TOK Tes OK ? RUOK? Are you OK? TOQP Tes occup ? RUBZ? Are you busy? tps temps time, weather Tttt Ttaistout You wereall, every V1 Viens Come vazi Vas-y Go VrMan Vraiment Really X crois, croit believe XLnt Excellent XLNT, excellent y aya Il y a There is, there are French Texting Rules The basic rule of texting is to express yourself with the fewest number of characters possible. This is done in three ways: Using abbreviations, like  TLM  for  Tout Le MondeUsing letters that are pronounced like the desired sounds, like  OQP  for  occupà ©Ã‚  (O - CCU - PÉ)Dropping silent letters, especially at the end of a word, like  parl  for  parle Patterns 1 replaces UN, EN, or IN2 replaces DEC replaces CEST, SEST, SAIS, etc.É replaces AI, AIS, and other spellings of similar soundsK can replace QU (e.g., koi) or CA (kdo)O replaces AU, EAU, AUX, etc.T replaces TES and other spellings of the same sound Tip If all else fails, try reading the symbol out loud.

USC Law School Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

USC Law School Personal Statement - Essay Example The reporter highlights "as a relatively naive and callow freshman, I envisioned myself eventually pursuing a career in business, simply to appease those who incessantly questioned me regarding my major and future profession. Nonetheless, I, fortunately, maintained an open mind and after my first few weeks of Law 200, taught by the legendary late USC law professor Charles Whitebread, I realized that I had discovered my passion. From reading cases on my own during the classroom discussions, I found myself frequently checking the clock, wishing that our current discussion regarding child law or the 4th amendment would continue indefinitely. However, much to my chagrin, although I had finally found a subject that truly captivated and excited me, USC did not offer an undergraduate law program. Being disappointed and still having an undeclared major, I once again maintained an open mind. Transferring into USC’s prestigious business school could wait; I wanted to continue exploring my options of study. After over a year of exploring, and now because of mounting pressure from even USC to finally choose a major, I made the best educational decision of my young life. I chose to pursue not one but two majors, a double major in political science and economics. After my declaration of double major, I am astounded by my intellectual and analytical development. Before choosing my double major, I accepted the lessons of my classes and professors merely at face value. For example, if I was taught to approach an issue or problem in a certain way, I would learn the method for that approach and then merely regurgitate that method . This form of learning actually proved successful for me throughout my high school and early college years. However, my economics and political science double major forcefully developed me into an analytical, questioning, and most importantly, active learner."

Should the UK join the euro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should the UK join the euro - Essay Example Thus it means giving up the traditional pound for a new European wide single medium of exchange that is already in circulation. Moreover, this would also facilitate the adoption of a common EU monetary policy. That is why the British government too is unhappy with the idea because it entails transferring power and economic decision making to the EU bureaucracy. However, the government is not fundamentally opposed as long as there are demonstrated economic benefits of doing so. Also, if it does decide to join, it is a tough decision to make as to precisely when to join the bandwagon because this could have economic consequences too. Then there is the period of turbulence to endure before things settle. The main benefits of joining are due to the removal of economic barriers that hinder trading. A common currency does away with exchange rate fluctuations and transaction costs. This for example, makes investment more attractive in the UK. So we have the potential to gain in the areas of trade and investment but these benefits must be weighed against the effects of the loss of autonomy over macroeconomic policies and other complications. By not joining though, the UK risks being marginalised within the EU. And, the euro currency is a growing in strength. It is now â€Å"the world’s largest by cash value† (Stevenson, 2009). A successful European wide monetary policy requires that there is economic parity or at least a convergence in the economic circumstances between the euro-adopting states. For instance, if the rest of the EU fares better than the UK during the looming recession, interest rates are likely to be high and this would exasperate the financial difficulties of UK businesses and cause even lower output. On the other hand, low interest rates can cause higher inflation. This shows that the decision of joining and when to join is very much tied to concerns over the level of convergence and interest rates and the impact this could have

What are the Strategic Issues Facing Marks & Spencer and what strategy Essay

What are the Strategic Issues Facing Marks & Spencer and what strategy should they follow next - Essay Example The two merged to form a chain of small penny stalls under the retail name of Marks and Spencer plc. Michael Marks was succeeded by his son Simon Marks in the running of the stalls. Simon Marks, soon turned around of the bazaars into fully fledged stalls and introduced the St. Michael’ Logo which was used as a distinct sign of quality on all the Marks and Spencer products. With over 885 stores in 40 territories,600 in the UK and survey data showing that one in every three British women were wearing on of the Marks & Spencer range of bras, Marks and Spencer was officially recognized as being the largest clothing retailer in the UK. In 2010, a new CEO was appointed to head the company and the CEO was immediately besieged with a myriad of issues associated with continuing the challenges of strategic change and reassessing the company’s competitive strategy. Challenges Facing Marks & Spencer. Some of the internal issues facing Marks and Spencer include insufficient levels o f communication between the Board and the investors. Examples of this situation include the announcement by Stuart Rose in April 2008 declaring his taking over the joint role as both the company CEO and also as the chair of the board of directors. This move proved to be quite unpopular, since it was in breach of the advice that the company got from the combined code of corporate governance. The body provides a, code that is voluntarily followed by most of the FTSE 100 companies. The moved proved to be immediately unpopular with investors, who deemed that Rose was now holding too much power. This is especially since the move by a single person, to hold the combined roles, had previously proved to be dangerous. There were also fears that it could prove to be detrimental once again. Rose overlooked all these concerns and proceeded with the appointment (Hill & Jones 2010). In the first half of the year 2009, Rose and his marketing director awarded themselves an enormous ?1 million packa ge in the form of bonuses and shares. The move was opposed by investors and, Rose and his Marketing Director were forced to give up the package in order to try and appease the discontented shareholders. Louise Patten also came under fire, and there was a motion to block her reappointment for signing off the bonuses. In the July 2009 AGM, Rose narrowly survived a motion of no confidence by investors who were concerned about his joint role as both the company CEO and Chairing the board of directors. Over 40 percent of the investors had voted against the reappointment of Rose as Chair. Rose was in the limelight once again when in May 2010, the investors expressed their frustration with the board after, when without any shareholder consultations whatsoever, the board negotiated an impressive golden hello deal for the new CEO Bolland, amounting to ? 7.5 million in the form of cash as well as shares. The deal was criticized by many critics as being excessive and credited with giving Bolla nd a less than perfect start to his tenure at Marks and Spencer plc. (Collis) Among the corporate issues facing the company include the announcement by Rose in July 2009, stating his intention to stand down as the company CEO, but not as the Chair of the board until 2011. This move was seen by investors as having the probability of creating an almost impossible leadership task for Mark Bolland, the incoming CEO with Rose and the Marks and Spencer plc board looking set to remain in their capacities for the medium term. The inability by Marks and Spencer to break into the mid-age demographic, and its over reliance on the 55years+ demographic which comprised of nearly two thirds of its customers was also criticized by Tony Shiret in 2009. The launch of the (GIVe) range of

Androgyny in the Characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay -- GCSE

Androgyny in the Characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In her book, Woman and Gender in Renaissance Tragedy, Dympna Callaghan addresses the presentation of women in Elizabethan England, stating that "women were clearly socially subordinate, and the preponderance of discourse on the gender hierarchy was misogynistic" (Callaghan 12). According to Marianne L. Novy in Love's Argument: Gender Relations in Shakespeare: "'Woman' seems to be associated with qualities - emotions, fears, - one has against one's will, and 'man' with a preferable mode of existence. Men are exhorted to be men, and women, playfully or seriously, often attempt to imitate men" (Novy 198). While men and women were born different, it was society's treatment of their distinguishing sexual traits that defined them either as masculine, and thus in a position of power, or as feminine and unable to challenge male authority. Much of the literature composed in Elizabethan England reflects, whether deliberately or inadvertently, the gender inequities cited by Callaghan, Novy, and others. In William Shakespeare's Macbeth, the dynamics of the marriage between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth involve a mutual striving towards manhood as a result of misplaced gender traits in each. Shakespeare develops the androgyny of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, and this becomes the basis for the offenses they commit in the play. Both characters achieve a position of power and authority through the use of their masculine characteristics, but their feminine characteristics make their gains tenuous and ultimataly cause their downfall. Throughout the play Shakespeare presents the feminine traits within Macbeth as the characteristics that mark him as a flawed man. When Macbeth says... ...speare. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1984 5. Ussher, Jane. Women's Madness: Misogyny or Mental Illness?. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991 6. Williams, Juanita. Psychology of Women. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1987    WORKS REFERENCED 1. Belsey, Catherine. The Subject of Tragedy. London: Methuen, 1985 2. Biggins, Dennis. "Sexuality, Witchcraft, and Violence in Macbeth." Shakespeare Studies VII (1975) 3. Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982 4. Hogrefe, Pearl. Tudor Women: Commoners and Queens. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1975 5. Howells, John, ed. World History of Psychiatry. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1975 6. Millett, Kate. Sexual Politics. New York: Ballantine Books, 1987   

Value System in Nepal

What is value system? In simple way value system means the principle of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group. Values can be defined as broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes. As such, values reflect a person’s sense of right and wrong or what â€Å"ought† to be. 40â€Å"Equal rights for all† and â€Å"People should be treated with respect and dignity† are representative of values. Values tend to influence attitudes and behavior.For example, if you value equal rights for all and you go to work for an organization that treats its managers much better than it does its workers, you may form the attitude that the company is an unfair place to work; consequently, you may not produce well or may perhaps leave the company. It is likely that if the company had had a more egalitarian policy, your attitude and behaviors would have been more positive. A value system is in essence the ordering and prioriti zation of the ethical and ideological values that an individual or society holds.While two individuals or groups may share a set of common values, they may differ in their determination of which values in that set have precedence over others. The two individuals or groups are said to have different value systems, even though they may have many values in common, if their prioritization of values differs, or if there are different exceptions they attach to these values. Groups and individuals whose differing value systems have many values in common may still wind up in conflict, ideological or physical, with each other, because of the differences in their value systems.People with differing value systems will thus disagree on the rightness or wrongness of certain actions, both in the abstract and in specific circumstances. In essence, a value system (if sufficiently well-defined) is a formalization of a moral code. The premise behind the discipline of rigorously examining value system s and the differences between them (given the provisional name ethonomics) is that an understanding of these differences in prioritization of values can lead to greater understanding about the politics (and motivations) of individuals and groups.While political discourse in recent times has frequently focused on the â€Å"values† held by the people engaging in the discourse (be they candidates, office holders, or media pundits), in reality those being compared share many (perhaps most) values in common. It is in their prioritization of those values that they differ, causing them (as a result of these different prioritizations) to come to different conclusions about what is right and wrong, and to take different actions accordingly.One example of a simple formal value system is Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics, which is intended as value system (of sorts) for robots in the hypothetical future of Asimov's science fiction novels. Simply distilled, the laws stipulate that: * human life is of primary importance and value (â€Å"A robot may not harm a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. â€Å") * orders given by human beings to robots are secondary, to be obeyed as long as they do not violate the first law (â€Å"A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. ) * a robot's own existence is of tertiary value, meaning that a robot should preserve its own life only if the other two laws have been satisfactorily complied with (â€Å"A robot must protect its own existence, as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. â€Å") Naturally, this is a very simplistic set of values, but the idea behind formalization of value systems is that more complex value systems that apply to human society might be derived or mapped from similar principles and structures, and that conflicts between such value systems might be resolved rat ionally.Definitions Values In order to define value systems, we need to define the characteristics of values that could be represented in a value system. The values that a group or person holds may fall into several different categories. The ones that usually concern us in the area of value systems are the ethical and the ideological. * Ethical values may be thought of as those values which serve to distinguish between good and bad, right and wrong, and moral and immoral. At a societal level, these values frequently form a basis for what is permitted and what is prohibited. Ideological values deal with the broader or more abstract areas of politics, religion, economics, and social mores. In theory, the broader ideological values should derive logically as natural consequences of the particulars of fundamental ethical values and their prioritizations. But although ideally a value system ought to be consistent, quite often this is not the case. Value Systems As mentioned earlier, a va lue system is the ordering and prioritization of the ethical and ideological values that an individual or society holds.The specific prioritizations may lead to designated exceptions invoked because one value is deemed more important than another (e. g. , â€Å"lying is wrong, but lying to save someone else's life is acceptable, because human life is more valuable (more highly valued) than the principle that lying is wrong†). Regardless of whether or not value systems are formed logically, they determine for individuals and societies what actions they are likely to act and how those actions are likely to be justified (or perhaps ‘rationalized'). Characteristics of Value SystemsValue systems can be categorized along multiple axes: * They can be personal, held by an individual and applicable only to an individual, or they can be communal or societal, defined by and applying to a community or society. Communal value systems may be legal codes take on the force of law in ma ny societies. * They can be internally consistent, where the broader ideological values derive logically as natural consequences of the particulars of fundamental ethical values, and where values do not contradict each other, or they can be inconsistent.Although ideally a value system ought to be consistent, quite often this is not the case in practice. Note that valuing the consistency of a value system is itself a sort of ‘meta-value', that could be present or absent in a given value system. * They can be idealized value systems (ideal representations of an individual's or group's value prioritizations) or realized value systems (how such a value system is manifested in reality, in the actions and decisions of the individual or group).Idealized value systems tend to be absolute, in that they are codified as a strict set of proscriptions on behavior, while realized value systems contain conditional exceptions that are rules to resolve collisions between values in practical ci rcumstances. Personal vs. Communal A value system may be held by a group of people, a community or society, or it might be held by an individual. An individual person's value system might be consistent with or equivalent to the community's value system. Consistency does not imply equivalence, though.An individual's value system might even hold the person to a higher standard, and still be consistent with the community's value system. (Consistency within a value system, described below, refers to the degree to which contradictions and overt situational exceptions are absent from that value system; consistency between value systems means that any action that might be taken in one value system would not contradict the rules associated with another. ) Exceptions One way of looking at differences between value systems is to think of the exceptions to the â€Å"rules† associated with values.These could be abstract exceptions (which are generalized enough in the way they are defined to take hold in all situations) and situational exceptions (which only can be said to be applied in very specific situations). The more generalized the exception, the more useful it is in a wider context for defining a consistent value system. In general, abstract exceptions serve to reinforce the prioritization of values, e. g. : Lying is wrong, but lying to save someone else's life is acceptable, because preserving a human life is more valuable (more highly valued) than the adhering to the principle that lying is wrong.In a formal value system (idealized or realized), the default exception associated with each value is assumed to be â€Å"as long as no higher-priority value is violated†. However, this hierarchical structure may be too simplistic in practice, and explicit exceptions may need to be specified. Examples of exceptions in practice: * We may commonly agree that telling the truth is an important positive value, and that conversely deception is inherently wrong. Bu t we make both abstract and situational exceptions for circumstances where we may assert that lying is acceptable behavior.Thus lying to avoid causing another person pain as a general rule would be considered an abstract exception, while lying in a particular situation because a specific person, if lied to, might do a specific thing at a specific time would be considered a situational exception. * People may agree that stealing is wrong, but some people may believe that stealing if you are starving and want to feed yourself and your loved ones is more acceptable than stealing if you are a abitual thief who makes a living stealing from people, or if you are an already wealthy person whose greed leads you to steal from your partners, your investors, or those you do business with. Others may find nothing wrong with stealing from faceless corporations and business establishments but may frown upon stealing from individuals. Some may define certain acts to qualify as not stealing if they fit into some of these categories. * People who think that killing is wrong might make an exception for someone acting in self-defense, placing a higher value on preservation of one's own life than on the principle of â€Å"thou shalt not kill†.Someone in the military might accept the value that killing another person is wrong yet may see nothing wrong with killing someone (in self-defense or not) in the course of or following the orders of a military commander (assumed to have a valid reason for ordering the killing), placing a higher value on discipline/loyalty and â€Å"defending one's country†. Conversely, a conscientious objector might prioritize the value that killing is wrong not only over military actions but even over self-defense. Many people in the business world might include the Golden Rule (which says â€Å"Do unto others as you would have others do unto you†) in their value system, but in practice they might place higher priority on the values li ke â€Å"Every man for himself† or â€Å"Let the buyer beware†. Conversely, another person might find that prioritization morally repugnant, and accuse the businessman of being unethical (or even of a form of theft) if he sells merchandise he knows to be shoddy, or deceives those he tries to do business with. ConsistencyA value system whose exceptions are abstract, generalized enough to be used in all situations, is said to be an internally consistent value system. On the other hand, a value system whose exceptions are highly situational, or whose exceptions are inconsistently applied, is said to be an internally inconsistent. A value system's consistency (or lack thereof) does not necessarily say anything about how ‘good' or ‘evil' it is. A value system that declares that lying and murder are acceptable, that essentially endorses a ‘might makes right' morality, could be internally consistent in its approach.Likewise, an internally inconsistent value system, loaded with inconsistently applied situational exceptions, might be considered perfectly acceptable if the ‘meta-value' of consistent application of values is not part of the value system. (The paradox here is that the absence of this value in a value system makes it consistent, because there is no constraint that says it must be consistent. It could be argued that those who explicitly omit this meta-value from their value system implicit endorse consistency as a value in that act of deliberate omission. On the other hand, those who hold this value ) Idealized vs.Realized These exceptions, especially when they are implicitly rather than explicitly defined, often yield a difference between an idealized value system and the realized value system. The idealized value system is the simple listing of values (in priority order) that a person or society would purport that they employ in determining right and wrong. The realized value system is the one they actually use in day -to-day life. While people claiming to employ a particular value system might say they place more value on x than y, more often than not there are deviations from this in practice.A consistent value system A religion may list a strong set of positive values, but its adherents and even those who are leaders of the religion may stray from those in practice. Idealized value systems often list strict rules (perhaps without any prioritizing order) but do not carefully define exceptions, abstract or situational. Realized value systems, in practice, often have a number of exceptions associated with them, but they may not be explicitly defined or consistently applied. Absolutists hold to their idealized value system and claim no exceptions other than the default.Defining Values Some fundamental values that most people seem to share, at least in theory, are: * â€Å"It's wrong to hurt, to harm, or especially to kill another person. † * â€Å"It's wrong to steal from another person. à ¢â‚¬  * â€Å"It's wrong to lie. † In practice, realized examples of these values would be a good deal more complicated, with exceptions already embedded within them. * â€Å"It's wrong to hurt another person, except in self-defense to keep them from hurting you, or if it is agreed upon with the other person as a step towards a mutually acceptable greater good (e. g. a doctor giving a patient a painful injection to cure an ailment). † * â€Å"It's wrong to take something from someone in a non-consensual fashion without negotiating overtly with the other person and agreeing to a mutually satisfactory transfer or exchange. † * â€Å"It's wrong to deceive another person knowingly for your own gain. † * â€Å"It's wrong to take deliberate overt action to prevent another person from exercising his will as long as that exercise does not interfere with your own exercise of will, except when the other person's will serves to violate the aforementioned principle s. In general, these values declare that â€Å"it's wrong to interfere in another person's life unless they do things to interfere in yours† This corresponds in essence to what has been called the Wiccan Rede which declares that â€Å"[As long as it] harms none, do what thou wilt†. While this may seem an elegant moral principle, in practice it runs into trouble because of the differing priorities people place on specific individual values, because of the way differing value systems define what is and isn't ‘harm', and perhaps most of all because of the different exceptions implicitly or explicitly defined in a value system.Examples of conflicting value systems This section is devoted to the process of using rational analysis to resolve conflicts between value systems. Individualism vs. collectivism In individualism, the needs and wants of the individual take precedence over the needs and wants of a society or community. The implicit exception inherent in individu alism is usually â€Å"as long as the actions of the individual do not harm other individuals. † Absolutists may claim that even this exception does not hold.In collectivism, the needs and wants of the society or community take precedence over the needs and wants of the individual. Rarely is the exception invoked that this is true â€Å"as long as the actions of the society do not restrict individuals . † It could be argued that a rational value system puts value on the needs and wants of the society or community structure, but does not give this more value than the needs and wants of the individuals within it.It is relatively easy to argue the case for this prioritization: under collectivism, a community could decide (however such decisions might be made) that it would work better if there were no people in it to interfere with the smooth running of society. While this might be true, since people tend to â€Å"complicate† the smooth running of any social order, it would create a society without any people, something which is clearly against the interest of the people in that society—would we rationally advocate our own extinction if it made the â€Å"system† of society run better?A rational resolution to the conflict between individualism and collectivism might structure these values in this manner: 1. The rights of individuals to act as they wish is unencumbered, unless their actions harm others or interfere with others' free exercise of their individual rights, and as long as their actions do not interfere with functions of society that other individuals depend upon, provided those functions do not themselves interfere with these proscribed individual rights and were agreed to by a majority of the individuals. . A society (or more specifically the system of order that enables the workings of a society) exists for the purpose of benefitting the lives of the individuals who are members of that society. The functions of a soc iety in providing such benefits would be those agreed to by the majority of individuals in the society. 1. A society may require contributions from its members in order for them to benefit from the services provided by the society.The failure of individuals to make such required contributions could be considered a reason to deny those benefits to them, although a society could elect to consider hardship situations in determining how much should be contributed. 1. A society may restrict behavior of individuals who are members of the society only for the purpose of performing its designated functions agreed to by the majority of individuals in the society, only insofar as they violate the aforementioned values.This means that a society may abrogate the rights of any of its members who fails to uphold the aforementioned values. Of necessity, as you can see here, the exceptions associated with values like these can become recursive and often convoluted. The name proposed for the discipl ine that tries to perform this task—mapping and formalizing value system prioritizations and resolving conflicts between disparate value systems through rational analysis—is ethonomics.

Gender Identity Disorder Essays - 1031 Words

Living a life feeling out of place, with the wrong feelings, and in the wrong body, for a person with Gender Identity Disorder, this is how they feel day to day. According to the DSM-IV-TR, Gender Identity Disorder is characterized by a strong, persistent cross-gender identification, persistent discomfort with his or her sex or sense of inappropriateness in their gender role of that sex. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), children, adolescents and adults who exhibit a preoccupation with getting rid of or losing their primary and secondary sex characteristics, associated with different mannerisms and actions of the opposite sex; while holding a belief that he or she was born the wrong sex are believed to be classified†¦show more content†¦However, studies have proven that many adolescents with Gender Identity Disorder grew up in families which at least at one time â€Å"cross-gender behavior was tolerated or encouraged, often viewed as ‘only a pha se.† (Byrd 7) The biggest question asked is how it comes around, however there is not a solid reasoning or proof of one main causal factor. According to Lippa, exposure to testosterone during the second trimester of pregnancy, when the development of both male internal and external genitals and a male-typical nervous system forms, may influence gender identity. (98) Brown counters this argument by saying the formation of a secure unconflicted gender identity and gender role is influenced by social factors, such as the character of parent’s emotional bond or the relationship each parent has with the child; he asserts that the biological factors (genetic complement or prenatal hormones) do largely determine gender identity however they do not act alone, more or less just setting the stage to go one way or the other. Gender Identity Disorder can make a child; adolescent or adult feel awkward and alone. Gender Identity Disorder paired with either Gender Dysphoria or Transse xualism will disrupt the development of social skills and create more problems behaviorally. Normative studies present evidence of the co-morbidity through parent report data revealing that children with Gender Identity Disorder have onShow MoreRelatedGender And : Gender Identity Disorder1287 Words   |  6 PagesGender Dysphoria, formerly known as Gender Identity Disorder, is described by the DSM-IV as a persistent and strong cross-gender identification and a persistent unease with ones sex. However, gender identity is not diagnosed as such if it is comorbid with a physical intersex condition. Gender dysphoria is not to be confused with sexual orientation, as people with gender dysphoria could be attracted to men, women, or both. According to an article written by, Australasian Sciences there are fourRead MoreGender And Gender Identity Disorder2178 Words   |  9 Pageswe re born, our gender identity is no secret. We re either a boy or a girl. Gender organizes our world into pink or blue. As we grow up, most of us naturally fit into our gender roles. Girls wear dresses and play with dolls. For boys, it s pants and trucks.† (Goldburg, A.2007) However, for some, this is not the case. Imagine for a moment that you are a two year old boy drawn to the color pink, make up, and skirts. If this is the case than most likely, you are experiencing Gender Dysphoria, otherwiseRead More Gender Identity Disorder Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesGender, Sex, Sexuality: Separate and NOT equal. First and foremost, a few key terms to keep in mind while reading this paper. Sex†: refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women.[1] â€Å"Gender†: refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.[2] â€Å"Gender identityâ€Å": an individuals self-conception as being male or female, as distinguished from actual biologicalRead MoreGender Identity Disorder954 Words   |  4 PagesGender Identity Disorder/Gender Dysphoria Gender identity disorder (GID) or transsexualism is defined by strong, persistent feelings of identification with the opposite gender and discomfort with one’s own assigned sex. (â€Å"Psychology Today†) Due to a recent change to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM, â€Å"Gender Identity Disorder† will be replaced with â€Å"Gender Dysphoria†. For the purpose of this paper those two terms will be interchangeable. This paper will exploreRead MoreGender Identity Disorder2712 Words   |  11 PagesGender Identity Disorder What is gender identity disorder? Gender identity disorder (GID) is the formal diagnosis used by psychologists and physicians to describe persons who experience significant gender dysphoria (discontent with the biological sex they were born with). It is a psychiatric classification and describes the attributes related to transsexuality. Gender identity disorder in children is usually reported as having always been there since childhood, and is considered clinicallyRead MoreGender Identity Disorder Is A Mental Disorder983 Words   |  4 Pagesdepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, state that â€Å"gender identity disorder is a mental disorder in which gender identity is incongruent with anatomical sex†. Individuals experience different degrees of unhappiness with their sex at birth, which in turn causes them to pursue the life and body of the opposite sex (2010). Does this mean that Matt (ie) has a mental disorder? Would this explain why when Matt (ie) went to a Shaman and the Shaman gave Matt (ie) allRead MoreGender Identity Disorder ( Gid )1209 Words   |  5 Pagestheir biological sex and gender identity, which is known as gender dysphoria. Gender dysphoria is formally known as gender identity disorder (GID), gender incongruence or transgenderism. According to Mohammaed Meomon, gender dysphoria is a product of highly complex genetic, neurodevelopmental, and psychological factors (Meomon, 2016). A person’s biological sex is given at birth depending on the appearance of the genitals. What a person identifies with is called gender identity. For example, a womanRead MoreGender Identity Disorder (Gid)1051 Words   |  5 Pages(e-mail me and let me know if you use this and how it does) Gender Identity Disorder (GID) As early as the age of four (Vitale, 1996), some children begin to realize that the gender their body tells them they are, and the gender their mind tells them they are dont correspond. The sense of gender and the anatomical sex of a person mature at different times and different regions of the body (Vitale, 1997b). Sometimes the gendermap, the template within the mind of a person that codes for masculinityRead MoreGender Identity Disorders ( Gids )1403 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual who was living as a woman while waiting to qualify for gender re-assignment surgery (GReS), shows the pain that those who struggle with gender identity disorders (GIDS) undergoi while â€Å"trapped† in the physical and social constraints of living as their original gender, as well as the relief that comes with living as a member of their â€Å"true† gender. Some may argue that use of surgery for purposes of treating gender identity disorders is morally unacceptable since trans sexuality does not belongRead MoreGender Identity Disorder ( Gid ) Essay2178 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Sex and gender have been highly controversial constructs amongst many researchers for a long time, due to differing interpretations and definitions for both. Sex is described as the biological indicators of an individual being male or female, based on their sex chromosomes and non-ambiguous internal and external genitalia. Gender, on the other hand, is a social construct that is shaped by the way someone develops their idea of male or female within society. The term gender was introduced when